Theoretical and experimental results of investigations demonstrate that water plasma electrolysis can become the most probable  source of cheap hydrogen obtained from water. The author's certificate for the  first plasma-electrolytic reactor was received by a group of  scientists from Russia in 1987 [18]. As the reactor was developed at the enterprise of the military industrial complex, the author's certificate was issued with a signature stamp "For service  use only" and its contents was not published in open press. Line diagram of the reactor as well as the results of water purification and disinfecting with the help of plasma being formed in the cathode zone of the reactor is given in the description of the certificate. No data on generation of additional energy by plasma and obtaining of hydrogen are given the description of the author's certificate [18].
  The American scientists S. Pons and M. Fleischmann have published the results of their researches on production of additional energy during usual electrolysis of water in April 1989. They have announced that cold nuclear fusion is  the source of the energy [2].
       Ya.A. Beklyamishev, one of the co-authors of the first author's certificate for plasma-electrolytic reactor, has published experimental results which demonstrate availability of additional energy in plasma-electrolytic process in 1996 with no explanation of the source of this energy [17]. The novelty of our results in this field  is attested by a patent application with priority date November 15, 1997 [19].
        In 1998 the new experimental data concerning availability of additional energy in plasma-electrolytic process appeared. A group of scientists from Russia carried out control tests of one of plasma-electrolytic reactor, it registered officially additional energy, and this fact was documented with the help of a check test report dated 22 May, 1998. This report was published in the 22nd  issue of the American magazine "Infinite Energy" [10]. In addition to it, in May of the same year the third issue of the book "Crisis of theoretical physics" was published [7] where the data on production of additional energy during plasma electrolysis of water  are stipulated and the source of this energy is mentioned. In the same  year  Ohmori and Mizuno, the Japanese scientists, published their results in transactions of Vancouver conference on cold nuclear fusion, and in the 20th issue of the American magazine "Infinite Energy" [3]. Ohmori and Mizuno registered neutron radiation and emerging of iron, chromium, nickel and carbon on tungsten cathode; it looked like forcible argument of availability of cold nuclear fusion when plasma electrolysis of water takes place. It seemed that Ohmori and Mizuno explained neutron radiation correctly as a result of electrons capture by protons. But they made a premature  conclusion concerning synthesis of iron, nickel and chromium, because the parts of the devices for distilled water production contain these chemical elements and organic impurities contain carbon. Besides, nuclear fusion would give much more additional energy than they registered.
   The first suppositions that during usual and plasma electrolysis of water the synthesis of atoms of hydrogen, not nuclear fusion, is a source of additional energy  were published in 1996 in the works [14], [16]. Later on this idea was developed and added by new theoretical and experimental results published in the works [15], [7], [1]. New experimental results which demonstrate energy expense reduction for obtaining hydrogen during plasma electrolysis of water have been published in 1999 [1], [19]. Summary  of the main theoretical results taken from the above mentioned sources and a small part of experimental data are given below.
 

        Hydrogen is considered to be the most prospective energy carrier of future power. Water is its main source. But all existing ways of hydrogen production from water require larger power consumption than it is produced when hydrogen is burned. From the point of view of modern physics and modern chemistry it is a normal phenomenon, because it corresponds completely to energy conservation law.
      But at present the publications concerning the results of experimental investigations appeared which prove the existence of such processes when more energy is released than spent for realization of these processes [1], [2], [3], [4], [9], [10], [17], [19], but neither modern theoretical physics nor modern theoretical chemistry allow  to explain these results.
       The question arose: either energy conservation law in its modern wording is untenable or the directions on which modern theoretical physics and theoretical chemistry develop have exhausted their possibilities. The achievements of modern physics and chemistry are so significant that statements of such a question seems to be inappropriate, but the experimenters get new and new results [9] which are at variance with energy conservation law and make us put this question and search an answer for it.
         The history of the development of exact sciences shows that if new experimental data which cannot be explained by exact sciences appear, the sciences return to their axiomatic basis. Thus, last century when new experimental data on behavior of light could not be explained, Euclid's axioms were subjected to analysis; as a result, new axioms and new theories appeared which as it seemed explained the results of those experiments. Something of the same kind takes place now. Experimenters have place exact sciences in such a state when it has become necessary to analyze their axiomatic basis [8], [9]. Such an analysis has already made a good start [5], [6], [7]. The proofs of the new theoretical results are rather sufficient to be stated in a scientific article, that's why we have the only opportunity: to enumerate them and to indicate the sources in which  those who so desire can find details of these proofs.
 

1- It was found out that the theoretical limitations in the development of exact sciences which appeared last century is an after-effect of absence of formulation and understanding of the axiom of space - matter - time unity. In reality  space, matter and time are inseparable. Thus, only these mathematical models  reflect reality in which space, matter and time are presented in undivided state [1], [5], [6], [7];
2 - It follows results from space - matter - time axiom as well as from kinetic moment conservation law that Planck's constant and energy of single photons and electrons are vector quantities [1], [5], [6], [7];
3 - Atom and ion spectra formation law controls power behavior of electrons in atoms and ions [1], [5], [6], [7], [12], [13]:
 

where F is energies of emitted and absorbed photons by electrons;  E_i is energies of ionization for electrons; E₁ is energies of connections of electrons with the nuclei of atoms and ions which correspond to the first energy level and are determined from experimental data according to special methods [5], [6], [7], [12]; n = 2,3,4... is main quantum number;
4 - Electron has a form of  hollow torus and has no orbital movement in atom, it precesses on atom nucleus like a whipping top; unlike electrical fields of proton and electron bring them together, and magnetic poles of the same name limit this convergence [1];
5 - Atoms and ions in molecules connect unlike magnetic poles of electrons or protons or their unlike electric poles, that's why only three types of chemical connections exist: electron - electronic, proton - proton and electronic - proton connections; the law governs formation of  energies Ec of these connections [1], [5], [6], [7], [12], [13], [19]:
 

         With due regard for above mentioned facts photon (energy carrier) has electromagnetic structure which is shown in Fig. 1, electron - in Fig. 2, atom of hydrogen - in Fig. 3. The structures of molecules of hydrogen  are shown in Fig. 5 and new structures of molecules of water - in Fig. 7...10. In Figs 11...14 one can see formation diagrams of molecules of hydrogen when electrolysis of water takes place.
       Surely, all presented Figs should have been commented in a proper way, the chemical formula with the help of which hydrogen production processes are realized should have been given as well as all energy calculations which accompany the processes shown in Figs.  But limited volume of a scientific article does not allow to make it. The persons who wish to know the details of the processes being analyzed can refer to the books in which they are described [1], [5], [6], [7], [19].
       Photons of the whole scale of electromagnetic radiations, except radio range, have electromagnetic structure which is shown in Fig. 1. All existing (postulated earlier) mathematical relations which describe
photon as a particle and as a wave, including Heizenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Schrodinger equation, are derived from photon model movement analysis [6].
 
a)     b) 
Fig. 1. Model of photon - energy carrier:  a) - theoretical model; b) simulated model 

Fig. 5. Diagram of molecule of hydrogen H2: a), b) - orthohydrogen;
c) - parahydrogen

      In Fig. 6 the diagram of molecule of water obtained on the grounds of existing knowledge concerning its structure is given, but this knowledge is insufficient for explanation of experimental factors of additional energy obtaining  during its electrolysis.

 
      Fig. 6. Old  diagram of structure of molecule of water
 
        It is known that water in which nuclei of atoms of hydrogen have one (Fig. 3,b) or two (Fig. 3, c) superfluous neutrons is called heavy water. Now it turns out that molecule of water can have diverse quantity of electrons. In order to distinguish molecules according to this phenomenon as well (quantity of electrons), let us call a molecule which contains complete set (ten) of electrons (Fig. 7) charged molecule and water  which contains such molecules only charged water. Let us call molecule of water which contains minimal quantity (eight) electrons (Fig. 8) discharged molecule and water which contains only such molecules  discharged water. Let us call molecules of water which contain nine electrons (Figs 9, 10) semi-charged molecules, and water containing such molecules semi-charged water. We shall add per cent of complete charging, discharging and semi-charging. For example, the name water: 30-60-10 will mean that it contains 30% of charged molecules, 60% discharged molecules and 10% semi-charged molecules.
 

Fig. 7. Diagram of charged molecule of water with binding energies:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 are the numbers of electrons of atom of oxygen; N is nucleus of atom of oxygen; P is nuclei of atoms of hydrogen (protons); e1 and e2 are numbers of electrons of hydrogen; e8 and e7 are surface electrons of atom of oxygen

         Water obtained after burning of hydrogen can serve as an example of charged water. Its molecules contain ten electrons (Fig. 7). Water obtained in fuel elements after a transfer of electrons by atoms of hydrogen into electric network and connection of their protons with electrons of atoms of oxygen can serve as an example of discharged water (Fig. 8). It follows from these two examples that there exist molecules of water in which the eighth electron of atom of oxygen (Fig. 9) or its seventh electron (Fig. 10) are not coupled with electrons of atoms of hydrogen. These molecules can be called semi-charged, and water which contains such molecules is called semi-charged water.
     Electron of atom of hydrogen at the moment of formation of a connection with the eighth electron of atom of oxygen in molecule of water is in the third energy level and binding energy of 1.51 eV. The seventh electron of atom of oxygen is connected with electron of atom of hydrogen being in  the fourth energy level (Figs 7...10).
 

Fig. 8. Diagram of discharged molecule of water with binding energies

Fig. 9. Diagram of the first model of semi-charged molecule of water with binding energies
 
Fig. 10. Diagram of the second model of semi-charged molecule of water with binding energies

      The indicated structures of molecules of  hydrogen and water as well as the diagrams of formation of molecules of hydrogen during electrolysis of water allow to approach an organization of the process of obtaining of hydrogen deliberately and due  to reduce the energy expenses for its production [1].
   It is known that molecules of water connect with each other and form clusters. Energy of proton - proton bonds between molecules of water in the cluster at the temperature of  20°C is equal to 1.49 eV. When water temperature is increased by one degree, this energy is reduced by 0.0024 eV [1].
          If you imagine a cluster of two molecules of water which have a form of the balls with a diameter of 100 meters, the protons of atoms of hydrogen in a molecule of water which are arranged on the surface of these balls and connect them have millimeter sizes. The least influence on such a system destroys it creating the conditions for fluidity of water [1].
        At first let us pay attention to the diagram of formation of two atoms of hydrogen from the protons which have separated from two charged molecules of water and two electrons emitted by the cathode (Fig. 11). Produced atoms of hydrogen can form a molecule of parahydrogen (Fig. 11, c) or a molecule of orthohydrogen (Fig. 11, d). In this case two electrons from electrical network will be spent for the formation of one molecule of hydrogen, and 5.98 kWh of electric power will be spent on the formation of one cubic metre of hydrogen [1].
     If a molecule of orthohydrogen  is formed according to the diagram given in Fig. 12, an empty cell of the eighth electron is formed in one molecule of water. It will be immediately occupied by an electron emitted by the cathode, and an ion of hydroxyl is formed which will be directed to the anode or will be connected with an ion of alkaline metal. In this case one electron from the electric network will be spent for the formation of the molecule of hydrogen, and 2.99 kWh of electric power will be spent for the formation of one cubic metre of hydrogen [1].
     If two atoms of hydrogen separate from two charged molecules of water under the influence of electric field and a molecule of orthohydrogen (Fig. 13) or parahydrogen (Fig. 14) is formed, the molecules of hydrogen are formed in such cases without participation of electrons emitted by the cathode, i.e. without expenses of electric energy.
       Thus, a part of molecules of hydrogen  can be formed without the use of electrons emitted by the cathode and a part - with the use of them. The energy expenses for production of hydrogen will depend on a relation between these parts.
 

Fig, 11. Diagram of formation of two atoms and a molecule of hydrogen:
c)  parahydrogen or d) orthohydrogen; a), b) charged molecules of water

Fig. 12. Diagram of formation of a molecule of orthohydrogen:
a), b) - charged molecules of water; c) - molecule of orthohydrogen
 

Fig. 13. Diagram of formation of the second model of orthohydrogen:
a)  and b) charged molecules of water; c) orthohydrogen
 

Fig. 14. Diagram of formation of a molecule of parahydrogen:
 a) and b) charged molecules of water; c) molecule of parahydrogen
 
         There are several ways of activation of the described process of formation of molecules of hydrogen without the use of electrons emitted by the cathode (Figs. 13, 14), i.e. without expenses of electric power. Formation of plasma in the zone where the processes being described take place, i.e. in the zone of the cathode, is one of them. A result of one of the experiments connected with production of hydrogen from water during its plasma electrolysis is given below [1].
      The analysis of a spectrogram of electrolytic plasma  during optimal mode of work of the plasma-electrolytic reactor shows that  it is generated by atomic hydrogen. Before the  formation of molecules of hydrogen the electrons of atoms of hydrogen are detained in the third energy levels with binding energies with protons of 1.511 eV [1]. In this case the energy released  during synthesis of one mole of atomic hydrogen is (1.511 x 1.602 x 10^-19 x 6.02 x10²³) = 145.56 kJ per mole.
109.12 moles of atomic hydrogen are in one liter, that's why (109.12 x 145.56)=15883.50 kJ of energy will be released during the synthesis of atoms of hydrogen which are necessary for the synthesis of one liter of water. As there are 54.56 moles of molecular hydrogen in one liter of water and energy released during the synthesis of one mole of molecular hydrogen is equal to 436 kJ,
(436 x 54,56) = 23788.16 kJ per l will be released during the synthesis of one liter of water.
285.80 kJ of energy are released during burning of hydrogen and synthesis of one mole of water. 55.56 moles of molecules of water are in one liter of water. Thus, (285.80 x 55.56)=15879.09 kJ of energy will be released during synthesis of one liter of water by means of burning of  hydrogen [1].
       If we sum up the energy which is released sequentially  during the synthesis of atomic and molecular hydrogen and molecules of water reckoning per l we shall get:15883.50+23788.16+15879.09=55550.75 kJ.

       In order to determine of the general index of  efficiency of a plasma-electrolytic reactor it is necessary to know power expenses for the destruction of molecules of one liter of water when its plasma electrolysis takes place. Let us suppose that such power expenses are unknown to us and let us take power expenses for decomposition of one liter of water to hydrogen and oxygen as a basis using the best modern electrolytic methods [11].
        There are 1222.2 liters of hydrogen in one liter of water [1], and the best modern electrolysers  require nearly 4 kWh for the production of 1000 litres of this gas [11]. Therefore, (1222.2 x 4)=4.9 kWh or 4.9 x 3600=17640 kJ are used for the production of hydrogen from one litre of water. This magnitude of power can be taken as a basis when calculating the general index of efficiency of the plasma-electrolytic process. In this case the general index of efficiency of the plasma-electrolytic reactor  will be as follows: K = 55550.75/17640=3.15 [1]. And what does an experiment show?
      First of all, the experiment demonstrates that the plasma-electrolytic reactor generates power as heat of  a heated solution, vapor of a heated solution, steam of various temperatures, hydrogen and oxygen as well as light radiation, noise and high frequency electrical oscillations.
     In this experiment the reactor No. 3 was adjusted to the operation mode with minimal steam discharge and maximal  gas discharge and is occupied with a heat exchanger for steam condensation. Gas output rate after condensation was measures with the help of an anemometer. The expense of cooling liquid (water) and the change of its temperature as well as time and indications of the devices which measures the expense of electric power were registered [1], [19].

         General index of plasma-electrolytic process efficiency obtained during experiments was within the values predicted by the theory. It is important that energy consumption for production of cubic metre of hydrogen is half reduced. As burned hydrogen energy and energy used for its production is equal at nearly 3.5 kWh per cubic metre of this gas, hydrogen becomes competitive energy carrier when consumption is nearly 2 kWh per cubic metre. Until recently there was no theory which could predict the possibility of electric power consumption reduction for hydrogen production. There were no experimental data confirming such theoretical forecasts [2], [3], [4].
          Theoretical results are available now which allow to forecast such behavior of molecules of water when energy consumption for hydrogen production is less than energy generated when burning produced hydrogen [1]. The experiments being conducted show that there is a possibility to include hydrogen produced from water into competitive energy carriers [1], [19].

[1] - Kanarev Ph. M. Water as a New Source of Energy. Krasnodar 1999. 150 pages. (In Russian)
[2] - Harold l. Fox. «Nuclear Cold Fusion: essence, problems, its impact on the world. Opinion from USA». Production group SVITEX. M.: 1993, 183 pages (in Russian).
[3] - Ohmori T., Mizuno. "Excess Energy Evolution, New Element Production, and Electromagnetic Wave and/or Neutron Emission  of Light Water Electrolysis with a Tungsten Cathode" Infinite Energy, vol. 4, Issue 22, 1998, p.p. 14-17.
[4] - Paramahamsa Tewari. Violation of Law of Conservation of Charge in Space Power Generation Phenomenon. The Journal of Borderland Research, USA - Vol. XLV, No. 5. September - October, 1989.
[5] - Kanarev Ph. M. On the Way to the Physics of the XXI Century. Krasnodar. 1995. 269 pages. (In English).
[6] - Kanarev Ph. M. Analysis of Fundamental Problems of Modern Physics. Krasnodar. 1993. 255 pages. (In Russian)
[7] Kanarev Ph. M. Crisis of Theoretical Physics. The third edition. Krasnodar 1998. 200 pages (In Russian)
[8] - Santilli R. M. Physical Laws of the Emerging New Energies as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics. I: Insufficiencies of Quantum Mechanics. Infinite Energy. 1998, V 4, Issue 22, p.p. 33...49.
[9] - ICCF - 7 ACCEPTED ABSTRACTS. Infinite Energy. V 4, Issue 20, p.p. 59...69.
[10] - Kanarev Ph. M. Protocol of Control Experiments for the Plasma-electrolysis Reactor N3.Infinite Energy. V.4, Issue 22, 1998. P.p. 31...32.
[11] - Bilain et avenir "systeme" hydrogene. Pt. I. Production transport et stockade/Logette S. Leclere J.-P., Goff P.Le, Billermaux J.//Entropic.-1955.-31, No. 188-189. P.p. 95-99.
[12] - Kanarev Ph. M. Analytical Theory of Spectroscopy. Krasnodar 1993. 88 pages. (In English).
[13] - Kanarev Ph. M. Law of Formation of Spectra of Atoms and Ions. Collection of scientific articles of international conference "Problems of Space, Time, Gravitation". Part II. Polyengineering. St.-Petersburg 1997, p.p. 30-37. (In Russian).
[14] - Kanarev Ph. M. Crisis of Theoretical Physics. The first edition. Krasnodar 1996. 143 pages. (In Russian and in English).
[15] - Kanarev Ph. M. Crisis of Theoretical Physics. The second edition. Krasnodar 1997. 170 pages. (In Russian).
[16] - Kanarev Ph. M. The Secret of "the Cold Fusion". Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference of New Ideas in Natural Sciences. Part I. "Problems of Modern Physics", St.-Petersburg, June 17-22, 1996, p.p. 305-310.(In English).
[17] - Beklyamishev Yu. A., Beklyamisheva G. Yu. A New Direction in Energetic. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference of New Ideas in Natural Sciences. Part I. "Problems of Modern Physics", St.-Petersburg, June 17-22, 1996, p.p. 311-313. (In English).
[18] - Zykov E.D., Babenchik F.V., Beklyamishev Yu. A., Likhonosov S.D., Semushkin V.V., Polushin A.A. Method of purification and disinfecting  of solutions and device for its realization. Author's certificate SU 1624924 A1. Application No. 4257400/26 dated  June 3, 1987. Invention description 6 pages. USIIPE of the State committee on inventions and discoveries by GCNT of the USSR.
[19] - Kanarev Ph.M. The Source of Excess Energy from Water. Infinite Energy. V5, Issue 25. 52-58 pag.